Crypto ATM / kiosk operator in Micronesia

Undefined/Indirect: The FSM currently lacks a comprehensive and explicit regulatory framework specifically for cryptocurrencies and virtual assets. The approach can be characterized as largely undefined or operating in a "grey area."

Partial/Indirect Application: While there's no dedicated crypto law, existing anti-money laundering (AML) and combating the financing of terrorism (CFT) legislation and regulatory bodies would likely apply to virtual asset activities, especially for entities operating within the FSM or facilitating transactions involving FSM residents. This aligns with global standards set by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), which requires countries to regulate Virtual Asset Service Providers (VASPs).

Anti-Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Act 2017 (Title 27 of the FSM Code): This act establishes the general framework for combating money laundering and terrorist financing, including obligations for financial institutions and designated non-financial businesses and professions (DNFBPs). While it may not explicitly mention "virtual assets" or "VASPs" as distinct regulated entities, the FSM, as an APG member, is expected to apply these requirements to VASPs in line with FATF Recommendation 15 (now Recommendation 16 in the context of the FATF's June 2019 Guidance for a Risk-Based Approach to Virtual Assets and Virtual Asset Service Providers).

FSM Banking Act 1980 (Title 29 of the FSM Code): This act provides the general legal framework for banking and financial services. While it does not specifically regulate VASPs, any VASP that offers services resembling traditional financial services (e.g., custody of fiat currency, remittances) might fall under the purview or interpretation of this act or require specific licensing.

Identification and Verification:

Beneficial Ownership: Identifying and verifying the identity of the beneficial owner(s) of the customer, and taking reasonable measures to understand the ownership and control structure of legal persons and arrangements.

Risk-Based Approach: Applying a risk-based approach to CDD, meaning enhanced CDD (EDD) measures must be applied to higher-risk customers (e.g., Politically Exposed Persons - PEPs, customers from high-risk jurisdictions, complex or unusually large transactions, or where the customer's identity verification poses higher risk) and simplified CDD (SCDD) may be applied to lower-risk customers.

Reporting any transaction (or attempted transaction) that gives rise to a reasonable suspicion that it may be related to money laundering, terrorist financing, or other criminal activity.

No Tipping-Off: Prohibitions against informing the customer or any third party that an STR has been filed or that an investigation is being conducted.

Customer Identification Records: All records obtained through CDD measures (e.g., copies of identification documents, verification data).

Transaction Records: Records of all transactions, including amounts, types of virtual assets, sending and receiving addresses/accounts, timestamps, and any other relevant transaction data.

Business Correspondence: All relevant business correspondence, including records of analysis performed.

Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU) of the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM FIU)

Legal Basis: The FSM enacted the Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorist Financing Act 2011 (as amended 2020). The 2020 amendments were specifically introduced to address FATF Recommendations on VAs and VASPs, including the Travel Rule obligations. This amendment requires VASPs to register, be licensed, and comply with AML/CFT obligations.

Asia/Pacific Group on Money Laundering (APG) Enhanced Follow-Up Report & Technical Compliance Re-Rating - Federated States of Micronesia (July 2022). Specifically, pages 21-23 regarding Recommendations 15 (New Technologies) and 16 (Wire Transfers).

For cross-border transfers: The Travel Rule information must be collected and transmitted for transactions equivalent to USD 1,000 or more.

For domestic transfers: The Travel Rule information must be collected and transmitted for transactions equivalent to USD 3,000 or more.

Exchange between virtual assets and fiat currencies.

Exchange between one or more forms of virtual assets.

Lack of a Dedicated Regulatory Framework: The FSM currently lacks a comprehensive legal and regulatory framework specifically addressing virtual assets (VAs) and virtual asset service providers (VASPs).

No Registered or Licensed VASPs: As of the latest assessments, there are no known or registered VASPs operating within the FSM that would fall under a regulatory scope (if one existed).

Limited Capacity and Awareness: International assessments indicate that the FSM's financial authorities are still developing their understanding and capacity to monitor and regulate the virtual asset sector.

No specific legislation: The FSM had not yet enacted specific legislation or regulations to address virtual assets or virtual asset service providers (VASPs).

No VASPs identified: The authorities had not identified any VASPs operating within the jurisdiction.

Lack of understanding and capacity: The report highlighted a lack of understanding by supervisory authorities regarding the risks associated with virtual assets and a need to develop supervisory capacity in this area.

Recommendations: The APG recommended that FSM develop a comprehensive legal and regulatory framework for VAs and VASPs, including registration, licensing, and AML/CFT obligations, and ensure appropriate supervision and enforcement capabilities.