Crypto ATM / kiosk operator in New Zealand

AML/CFT Registration (DIA): Most crypto businesses, including exchanges, custody providers, and payment processors dealing with VAs, are categorised as "reporting entities" under the AML/CFT Act. This requires them to register with the DIA as a reporting entity and comply with comprehensive AML/CFT obligations. This is not a "license" in the traditional sense of permitting operation, but a mandatory registration for AML/CFT compliance.

Primary Requirement: AML/CFT Reporting Entity Registration (DIA)

Businesses that exchange virtual assets for fiat currency, other virtual assets, or facilitate such exchanges are deemed "reporting entities" under the AML/CFT Act. This includes operating a trading platform.

Department of Internal Affairs (DIA): The primary supervisor for most VASPs under the AML/CFT Act 2009. This includes businesses involved in exchanging, transferring, holding, or safekeeping virtual assets.

Businesses that transmit money or value using virtual assets, or facilitate payments in VAs, are typically classified as "money or value transfer services" under the AML/CFT Act and must register with the DIA.

There are no specific minimum capital requirements under the AML/CFT Act for VASPs solely registered as reporting entities.

Exchange virtual assets for fiat currency (and vice versa).

Conduct a comprehensive risk assessment: This identifies and assesses the money laundering and terrorism financing risks specific to their business, customers, products, services, delivery channels, and jurisdictions they operate in. Risks associated with the inherent characteristics of virtual assets (e.g., pseudo-anonymity, speed of transfer, global reach) must be specifically addressed.

Establish and maintain an AML/CFT Programme: This is a documented programme that outlines the policies, procedures, and controls the VASP has in place to mitigate the risks identified in their risk assessment. It must include measures to:

Identity Verification: Obtaining and verifying the customer's full name, date of birth, and address using reliable and independent sources (e.g., passport, driver's license, national ID, proof of address utility bills). For legal entities, verifying the entity's name, legal form, proof of existence, registered address, and articles of association.

Enhanced CDD (ECDD): Required for higher-risk situations, such as:

Beneficial Ownership: Identifying and verifying the identity of the natural person(s) who ultimately own or control a customer (typically those with more than 25% ownership or control for legal entities).

Sanctions Screening: Screening customers and transactions against relevant sanctions lists (e.g., UN Security Council sanctions lists).

Obligation to Report: VASPs must report any transaction or activity they suspect is related to money laundering, terrorism financing, or other criminal activity to the New Zealand Police Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU).

Ongoing Monitoring: Regularly reviewing transactions and customer information to ensure it is consistent with the VASP's knowledge of the customer, their business, and risk profile. This is crucial for VASPs given the dynamic nature of virtual assets.

No Tipping Off: Reporting entities are prohibited from disclosing to the customer or any third party that a report has been made or that an investigation is underway.

Face-to-Face vs. Non-Face-to-Face: Specific requirements apply to non-face-to-face onboarding to mitigate higher risks. Technologies like video conferencing or biometric verification can be used if they meet the standards set out in the Identity Verification Code of Practice.

Identity Verification Code of Practice 2013 (or current version): Issued by the supervisors, this code provides practical guidance on how to meet customer identity verification requirements.

Violation Type: Significant breaches of the Anti-Money Laundering and Countering Financing of Terrorism Act 2009 (AML/CFT Act), including failures in customer due diligence, risk assessments, suspicious transaction reporting, and compliance programme. Penalty Amount: NZD $2.3 million. Outcome: Coinstash admitted to the breaches and agreed to pay the penalty. The DIA noted this was the largest financial penalty issued under the AML/CFT Act for a single infringement notice.

Entity Targeted: Dasset Limited (now in liquidation). Violation Type: Significant breaches of the Anti-Money Laundering and Countering Financing of Terrorism Act 2009 (AML/CFT Act), including failures in customer due diligence, risk assessments, record-keeping, and the overall compliance programme. Penalty Amount: NZD $1 million. Outcome: Dasset admitted to the breaches and agreed to pay the penalty. The company subsequently went into liquidation in October 2023, though the DIA noted the penalty was not the direct cause.