On-shore VASP in New Zealand

Primary Requirement: AML/CFT Reporting Entity Registration (DIA)

AML/CFT Registration (DIA): Most crypto businesses, including exchanges, custody providers, and payment processors dealing with VAs, are categorised as "reporting entities" under the AML/CFT Act. This requires them to register with the DIA as a reporting entity and comply with comprehensive AML/CFT obligations. This is not a "license" in the traditional sense of permitting operation, but a mandatory registration for AML/CFT compliance.

Businesses that exchange virtual assets for fiat currency, other virtual assets, or facilitate such exchanges are deemed "reporting entities" under the AML/CFT Act. This includes operating a trading platform.

Businesses that offer safekeeping services for virtual assets on behalf of customers (i.e., holding private keys or managing custodial wallets) are considered "reporting entities" under the AML/CFT Act.

Businesses that transmit money or value using virtual assets, or facilitate payments in VAs, are typically classified as "money or value transfer services" under the AML/CFT Act and must register with the DIA.

If the exchange offers derivatives (e.g., futures, options on VAs), manages client funds in a structured investment product, or provides regulated financial advice, then FSP registration and potentially an FMA license (e.g., a Market Services Licence or a Financial Advice Provider (FAP) Licence) would be required.

If the custody service is part of a broader investment scheme (e.g., a managed investment scheme where the provider also makes investment decisions or offers investment products), then FMA licensing would be necessary. Merely providing technical custody without any active management or investment component is less likely to trigger FMA licensing, but full AML/CFT compliance remains critical.

If the payment processor also accepts deposits of fiat currency from the public or issues e-money that is redeemable for fiat, they might fall under the RBNZ's NBDT regime. This is less common for pure crypto payment processors but important to consider if they bridge significantly with traditional fiat payment systems. Similarly, if they offer payment-related financial products, FMA oversight might be triggered.

There are no specific minimum capital requirements under the AML/CFT Act for VASPs solely registered as reporting entities.

However, if an FMA license is triggered (e.g., Financial Advice Provider, Market Services Licence), then specific capital and solvency requirements will apply, often based on the nature and scale of the financial services provided. For example, FAPs must demonstrate adequate financial resources.

Potential Secondary Requirement: FSP Registration/Licensing (FMA)

Financial Service Provider (FSP) Licensing (FMA): If a VASP provides services that meet the definition of a "financial service" under the Financial Service Providers (Registration and Dispute Resolution) Act 2008 (FSP Act) – for example, giving financial advice, operating a managed investment scheme involving VAs, or dealing in financial products like VA derivatives – then they will need to license with the FMA. This involves more stringent requirements than just AML/CFT registration.

New Zealand Companies Office: Administers company registration.

Conduct a comprehensive risk assessment: This identifies and assesses the money laundering and terrorism financing risks specific to their business, customers, products, services, delivery channels, and jurisdictions they operate in. Risks associated with the inherent characteristics of virtual assets (e.g., pseudo-anonymity, speed of transfer, global reach) must be specifically addressed.

Establish and maintain an AML/CFT Programme: This is a documented programme that outlines the policies, procedures, and controls the VASP has in place to mitigate the risks identified in their risk assessment. It must include measures to:

Identity Verification: Obtaining and verifying the customer's full name, date of birth, and address using reliable and independent sources (e.g., passport, driver's license, national ID, proof of address utility bills). For legal entities, verifying the entity's name, legal form, proof of existence, registered address, and articles of association.

Enhanced CDD (ECDD): Required for higher-risk situations, such as:

Beneficial Ownership: Identifying and verifying the identity of the natural person(s) who ultimately own or control a customer (typically those with more than 25% ownership or control for legal entities).

Ongoing Monitoring: Regularly reviewing transactions and customer information to ensure it is consistent with the VASP's knowledge of the customer, their business, and risk profile. This is crucial for VASPs given the dynamic nature of virtual assets.

Sanctions Screening: Screening customers and transactions against relevant sanctions lists (e.g., UN Security Council sanctions lists).

Obligation to Report: VASPs must report any transaction or activity they suspect is related to money laundering, terrorism financing, or other criminal activity to the New Zealand Police Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU).

No Tipping Off: Reporting entities are prohibited from disclosing to the customer or any third party that a report has been made or that an investigation is underway.

Face-to-Face vs. Non-Face-to-Face: Specific requirements apply to non-face-to-face onboarding to mitigate higher risks. Technologies like video conferencing or biometric verification can be used if they meet the standards set out in the Identity Verification Code of Practice.

Violation Type: Significant breaches of the Anti-Money Laundering and Countering Financing of Terrorism Act 2009 (AML/CFT Act), including failures in customer due diligence, risk assessments, suspicious transaction reporting, and compliance programme. Penalty Amount: NZD $2.3 million. Outcome: Coinstash admitted to the breaches and agreed to pay the penalty. The DIA noted this was the largest financial penalty issued under the AML/CFT Act for a single infringement notice.

Entity Targeted: Dasset Limited (now in liquidation). Violation Type: Significant breaches of the Anti-Money Laundering and Countering Financing of Terrorism Act 2009 (AML/CFT Act), including failures in customer due diligence, risk assessments, record-keeping, and the overall compliance programme. Penalty Amount: NZD $1 million. Outcome: Dasset admitted to the breaches and agreed to pay the penalty. The company subsequently went into liquidation in October 2023, though the DIA noted the penalty was not the direct cause.

Entity Targeted: James Malcolm Allan (individual). Violation Type: Operating an unregistered financial service provider, making misleading representations about financial products (including crypto-assets), and breaches of the Fair Trading Act 1986 and the Financial Service Providers (Registration and Dispute Resolution) Act 2008. Allan had been promoting investments via social media, purporting to offer high returns from trading shares and crypto-assets. Penalty Amount: Permanent ban from providing financial services and from acting as a director or manager of any financial service provider. A pecuniary penalty of NZD $50,000 was also ordered. Outcome: The FMA successfully obtained orders from the High Court against Allan, resulting in the ban and penalty. This was a significant action against an individual promoting crypto-related investments without proper registration or disclosure.

Buying and Selling (Trading/Speculation):

Income Treatment: If you acquired the crypto with an intention to sell it for a profit, or if your activities constitute a business of dealing, any gain is taxable income. This includes short-term speculation, day trading, and most active trading strategies.

Using Crypto to Purchase Goods or Services: