Russia -- Cryptocurrency Tax Framework Regulatory Overview

In Russia, cryptocurrencies are classified as property under the Tax Code, with profits from trading, selling, exchanging, mining, or staking taxed as personal income tax (PIT) for individuals at 13% on annual gains up to 2.4 million RUB and 15% above that threshold; corporate profits are taxed at 25%.[1][2][3]

Crypto transactions are exempt from VAT, though mining operators must register and report activities to local authorities or face a 40,000 RUB fine.[1][2][4]

Capital Gains and Income Tax

Russia does not distinguish between capital gains and ordinary income for crypto; all profits (e.g., from sales, exchanges, mining, staking) are taxed under the PIT system for individuals or corporate profit tax for businesses.

• Individuals: 13% on total annual income (including crypto profits) up to 2.4 million RUB; 15% on the excess. Non-residents face a flat 30% on Russian-sourced profits.[1][2][3]
• Businesses: 25% corporate profit tax on crypto-related income (increased from 20% in 2024).[1][2] This framework stems from a law signed by President Putin on November 29, 2024, effective mainly from January 1, 2025.[2]

VAT/GST Treatment

• Crypto mining and trading/sales are exempt from VAT.[1][2][3][4]
• Income from mined coins is still subject to PIT or corporate tax.[1]

Reporting Requirements

• Individuals: Report all taxable crypto income on annual tax returns (3-NDFL form). Transactions exceeding 600,000 RUB (~$6,500 USD) trigger monitoring, but all profits must be declared regardless. Track purchase/sale dates and RUB values per transaction to calculate net profit.[3][5]
• Businesses/Miners: Mining operators must report to local authorities and the Federal Tax Service database (launched November 2024). Large transactions (≥45 million RUB over two of three years) require reporting or risk fines/prison.[1][2][4][5] Failure to comply incurs fines; using crypto for domestic goods/services is prohibited.[1][5]

Crypto-Specific Legislation and Tax Authorities

• Key Law: Federal law signed November 29, 2024, amending the Tax Code to recognize digital currencies as property, introduce taxes, and exempt VAT on mining/trading (effective 2025).[2][4]
• Authorities:

  Authority	Role	Reference
  Federal Tax Service (FNS)	Handles tax declarations, compliance, and large miner database.	[2][5]
  Bank of Russia (Central Bank)	Oversees regulations, including cross-border pilots.	[2][5]
  Rosfinmonitoring	Monitors transactions >600,000 RUB.	[5]
  State Duma/Federation Council	Enacts crypto laws.	[4][5]

Official FNS guidance (in Russian): https://www.nalog.gov.ru/rn77/taxation/taxes/ndfl_crypto/ (covers 3-NDFL reporting for digital assets). For miners: https://www.nalog.gov.ru/rn77/related_activities/registration/mayning/. Bank of Russia crypto page: https://www.cbr.ru/fintech/digital_currency/. Note: Rules may evolve; consult FNS for 2026 filings.[3]