Burkina Faso

BCEAO's 15 New Instructions on External Financial Relations (implementing Regulation No. 06/2024/CM/UEMOA), effective August 1, 2025

The BCEAO has, on several occasions, issued communications (e.g., in 2018 and subsequent updates) warning the public and financial institutions about the risks associated with cryptocurrencies. These communications generally declare that cryptocurrencies are **not legal tender** in the UEMOA zone and prohibit regulated financial institutions (banks, microfinance institutions, payment service providers) from engaging in transactions related to, or facilitating, the use of virtual assets.

**Implication for VASPs:** This means that entities wishing to operate as crypto exchanges, custody providers, or payment processors in Burkina Faso (or any UEMOA country) will face significant challenges, primarily the inability to obtain banking services from regulated financial institutions within the UEMOA zone. This effectively makes it extremely difficult, if not impossible, to operate legally and effectively.

BCEAO maintains stringent oversight with ongoing regulatory tightening, including new foreign exchange regulations, 15 instructions on external financial relations (Aug 2025), fintech licensing extensions, and diaspora banking rules, evolving from purely prohibitive stances toward modernization while preserving caution.

**BCEAO Official Website:** www.bceao.int (Navigate to "Actualités" or "Communiqués de presse" for relevant warnings).

**Neither exists for crypto-specific activities.** There is no framework for either registration or licensing of VASPs in Burkina Faso. Entities operating in this space are therefore in a legal grey area, highly exposed to risks, and generally lack regulatory recognition.

**Exchanges (Fiat-to-Crypto, Crypto-to-Crypto):** No specific license exists. Any attempt to operate a fiat-to-crypto exchange would necessitate a payment institution or banking license, which would then be rejected by BCEAO-supervised entities due to their crypto prohibition. Crypto-to-crypto exchanges, while not directly touching fiat, would still face banking access issues for operational needs and are considered unregulated.

**Custody Providers:** No specific license exists. Operating a custody service for virtual assets falls into the same unregulated category and would face the same banking challenges.

**Payment Processors (facilitating crypto payments):** No specific license exists. If these activities involve traditional payment processing in CFA Francs (XOF), they would fall under existing payment services regulations. However, if the payments are *in crypto* or *facilitated by crypto*, they would again be prohibited from using regulated financial infrastructure.

**AML/KYC:** Burkina Faso is a member of the Intergovernmental Action Group against Money Laundering in West Africa (GIABA), a FATF-style regional body. Thus, it is committed to implementing FATF recommendations. While there's no specific crypto AML/KYC framework, any entity dealing with funds or assets would be expected to comply with general AML/CFT obligations.

**Relevant Authority:** The **Cellule Nationale de Traitement des Informations Financières (CENTIF)** is Burkina Faso's Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU). It is responsible for receiving, analyzing, and disseminating suspicious transaction reports.

Burkina Faso has been removed from the FATF increased monitoring list as of October 2025 and continues to work with GIABA to sustain improvements in its AML/CFT/CPF systems.

**FATF Website:** www.fatf-gafi.org (Look for reports on GIABA members).

**Local Presence:** Any legally registered business in Burkina Faso would require a local presence and incorporation under Burkinabe law.

BCEAO has shifted to a regulatory approach discussing crypto-assets and digital finance, with initiatives for fintech licensing and compliance, rather than outright prohibition.

Entities operating in this space do so in a **legal grey area**, exposed to regulatory risks, potential legal challenges, and lack of consumer protection.

Despite the lack of specific crypto regulation, **general AML/CFT laws still apply**, overseen by CENTIF Burkina Faso.

**BCEAO (Central Bank of West African States):** Responsible for monetary policy, financial stability, and regulating banks in the UEMOA zone.

**CREPMF (Regional Council for Public Savings and Financial Markets):** The regional securities regulator for the UEMOA financial market.

**Regulation N°06/2018/CM/UEMOA on the Organization of the Financial Market in the UEMOA:** This regulation defines what constitutes a "financial instrument" in the UEMOA zone.

**Instruction N°01/2019/CREPMF on Public Offers of Financial Instruments:** This instruction details the conditions under which an offer of financial instruments to the public requires CREPMF authorization.

**Equity securities:** Shares and assimilated securities.

**Debt securities:** Bonds and assimilated securities.

**Units in collective investment undertakings.**

**Other negotiable instruments conferring the right to acquire or dispose of the aforementioned securities.**

**Any other instrument giving access to capital or debt.**

**An investment of capital:** Money is exchanged for the token.

**A right to profit or income:** The token promises dividends, revenue sharing, or capital appreciation.

**Participation in an enterprise:** The token represents an ownership stake or a debt claim in a project or company.

**Reliance on the issuer:** The value or utility of the token depends significantly on the efforts and success of the issuing entity or project team.

**Investment Tokens (Security Tokens):** Tokens explicitly designed to represent ownership (e.g., fractional shares in a company or real estate), debt (e.g., bonds), or units in a collective investment scheme, granting rights to dividends, interest payments, or a share of profits.

**Algorithmic Stablecoins or those promising returns:** Stablecoins that offer investment returns beyond simply maintaining their peg or that are part of a complex investment scheme could be scrutinized.

**Pure Payment Tokens (e.g., Bitcoin, Litecoin):** These are generally viewed as digital assets or commodities, not legal tender within UEMOA, but typically not as securities under existing law, primarily because they don't represent a claim against a specific issuer or an investment in an enterprise managed by identifiable promoters.

**Pure Utility Tokens:** Tokens that genuinely provide access to a product or service *at the time of purchase* and whose value is solely derived from their use within an ecosystem, without a primary emphasis on investment return or a claim on an enterprise.

**Obtain Authorization from CREPMF:** The offer would need prior authorization from the CREPMF.

**Publish a Prospectus:** A detailed prospectus, disclosing all relevant information about the issuer, the token, the project, associated risks, and the use of proceeds, must be prepared and approved by the CREPMF. This is outlined in Instruction N°01/2019/CREPMF.

**Adhere to Ongoing Reporting:** Issuers of authorized financial instruments are subject to continuous disclosure requirements and periodic reporting to the CREPMF.

**Private placements:** Offers made to a limited number of qualified investors (e.g., institutional investors) that do not constitute a "public offer."

**Offers to a specific, limited group of persons.**

**Trading on the Regional Stock Exchange (BRVM):** If the security is admitted to listing.

**Over-the-Counter (OTC) Markets:** Trading on authorized OTC platforms under CREPMF supervision.

**Public Warnings:** The BCEAO has repeatedly issued press releases and circulars warning the public about the risks associated with cryptocurrencies, stating they are not legal tender, are not regulated, and carry significant risks of fraud, volatility, and money laundering.

**AML/CFT Focus:** Any actual enforcement would likely originate from national Financial Intelligence Units (FIUs) like **CENTIF-BF (Cellule Nationale de Traitement des Informations Financières du Burkina Faso)** if cryptocurrencies are used in cases of money laundering or terrorist financing. This would fall under existing anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing laws, not specifically securities law.

**General Fraud:** Cases of crypto-related fraud would be handled under general criminal law provisions, not specific crypto securities regulations.

The nascent stage of specific crypto regulation.

A focus on financial stability, consumer protection from scams, and AML/CFT risks over explicit securities classification for novel digital assets.

Potentially, a lack of significant public offerings of investment-grade crypto tokens directly targeting UEMOA investors that would trigger CREPMF's attention for a securities violation.

**BCEAO Official Website (for press releases and warnings):**

Look for publications in the "Publications" or "Communiqués de presse" sections. For example, search for communiqués related to "cryptomonnaies."

*Example Warning (General, not specific to securities):* While a direct link to a specific warning about *securities* is hard to pin down, BCEAO has issued numerous general warnings against cryptocurrencies, emphasizing their non-legal tender status and risks.

**CREPMF Official Website (for regulations and instructions):**

Navigate to "Réglementation" or "Textes Législatifs et Réglementaires" to find:

**Règlement N°06/2018/CM/UEMOA portant organisation du marché financier régional de l’UEMOA:** (Regulation N°06/2018/CM/UEMOA on the organization of the regional financial market of UEMOA).

**Instruction N°01/2019/CREPMF relative aux offres au public d'instruments financiers:** (Instruction N°01/2019/CREPMF relating to public offers of financial instruments).

*Note:* The specific documents might be embedded within larger regulatory frameworks or require searching on the site. Direct links to specific PDFs are often unstable.

General UEMOA legislative texts applicable to Burkina Faso are officially disseminated through multiple institutional channels (not a single ‘UEMOA official website’), including the BCEAO’s regulatory portal for Union‑level regulations and various national and sectoral sites that republish or curate UEMOA acts.

Relevant regulations would be found under "Textes et Publications" or "Législation."

**Specific Legislation:** **Instruction N°003/2021/RB relative à l'interdiction de l'utilisation des crypto-actifs et autres actifs numériques non autorisés par la BCEAO au sein de l'UEMOA (Instruction N°003/2021/RB concerning the prohibition of the use of crypto-assets and other digital assets not authorized by the BCEAO within the UEMOA)**.

BCEAO continues to publish official communications on crypto-assets, but the evidence does not support a blanket claim that it only issues warnings; its current public stance also includes engagement with crypto-assets through conferences and discussion of regulatory opportunities and challenges.

**Classification of Stablecoins (e-money/payment tokens/securities):**

**Not E-money/Payment Tokens:** The BCEAO has a robust framework for electronic money (**Loi N°2018-006 du 11 juillet 2018 portant réglementation de la monnaie électronique dans les États membres de l’Union Économique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine** - Law N°2018-006 of July 11, 2018, on the regulation of electronic money in WAEMU member states).

**URL (Loi N°2018-006):** Loi N°2018-006 du 11 juillet 2018 portant réglementation de la monnaie électronique dans les États membres de l’Union Économique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine (Example on a national parliament site)

However, stablecoins are generally **not classified as e-money** by the BCEAO because they are typically issued by entities that are not licensed financial institutions (banks or authorized e-money institutions) and do not adhere to the strict regulatory requirements for e-money. Critically, as "unauthorized crypto-assets," they fall under the prohibition, making their classification under the e-money law moot unless issued by a licensed entity and approved by the BCEAO.

**Not Securities (Generally):** The regional securities regulator, the **Conseil Régional de l'Épargne Publique et des Marchés Financiers (CREPMF)**, governs financial markets in WAEMU. While a stablecoin *could* theoretically be structured to resemble a security (e.g., granting ownership rights or an expectation of profit), this is not its primary classification. Given the BCEAO's blanket prohibition, the CREPMF has not issued specific guidelines for stablecoins as securities, as they would be caught by the BCEAO ban first.

**Reserve Requirements, Issuer Licensing, Redemption Rights:**

**None Exist for Unauthorized Stablecoins:** Since stablecoins are generally prohibited, there are **no specific regulatory requirements** concerning reserves, issuer licensing, or redemption rights for them. Any entity attempting to issue or operate a stablecoin would be in violation of the BCEAO's Instruction N°003/2021/RB.

For **e-money** (which stablecoins are not, as explained above), strict reserve requirements, issuer licensing (for e-money institutions), and redemption rights are in place under Law N°2018-006.

**None Exist:** As with other forms of stablecoins, there are **no specific rules** for algorithmic stablecoins. They would also fall under the general prohibition of "crypto-assets and other digital assets not authorized by the BCEAO."

The BCEAO has moved beyond merely exploring a potential CBDC and is actively preparing a retail CBDC pilot for the WAEMU region, with public indications that a pilot launch is targeted for around early 2026; while this remains a pilot (not full production), it goes beyond a generic research/experimental phase, and a tentative timeline has now been communicated.

**Interaction:** If a BCEAO CBDC were to be launched, it would be a digital form of the regional fiat currency (CFA Franc) issued directly by the central bank. This would be fundamentally different from private stablecoins. A CBDC would likely be introduced as a complement to, or potentially a superior alternative to, private digital payments, and would likely operate within a framework that continues to restrict or prohibit privately issued stablecoins. There is currently no "interaction" as the CBDC is not active and private stablecoins are prohibited.

**References (BCEAO CBDC exploration):** BCEAO official communication on strategic plan including digital payments/CBDC - Example of general mention in strategic reports or speeches

**De Facto Effect:** The BCEAO's directives create a de facto ban on financial institutions facilitating crypto transactions, making it extremely challenging for local crypto exchanges to operate formally and for individuals to use traditional banking channels for crypto-related activities.

**Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO - Banque Centrale des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest):**

This is the primary monetary authority for all WAEMU member states, including Burkina Faso. Its directives have binding force on all banks and financial institutions within the union.

**Role:** Sets monetary policy, supervises banks, and issues directives regarding financial innovations and risks.

**Central Bank of Burkina Faso (BCEAO Agency in Ouagadougou):**

While technically an agency of the BCEAO, it acts as the national representation and implements the BCEAO's directives within Burkina Faso.

**National Agency for Financial Investigation (ANIF - Agence Nationale d'Investigation Financière):**

Burkina Faso's financial intelligence unit responsible for combating money laundering and terrorist financing. While not specifically a crypto regulator, any future specific crypto legislation would likely involve ANIF for AML/CFT compliance.

**BCEAO Circular N° D/2019/335/SP-M (or similar reference from late 2018/early 2019):**

the referenced guidance/regulatory material was issued in December 2025, not in late 2018 or early 2019

**Content:** This circular (and subsequent communications) explicitly warns financial institutions within the WAEMU zone against involvement with cryptocurrencies. Key points include:

Cryptocurrencies are not recognized as legal tender.

Banks regulated by the OCC and FDIC may now engage in permissible crypto-related activities—including crypto asset custody, holding stablecoin reserves, acting as nodes on distributed ledgers, and facilitating stablecoin payments—without prior regulatory notice, provided they conduct these activities in a safe and sound manner. The Federal Reserve has similarly rescinded advance notification requirements. However, banks remain subject to robust risk management expectations and compliance obligations.

Warnings to the public about the risks associated with cryptocurrencies (volatility, scams, lack of consumer protection).

WAEMU’s newer foreign-exchange rules tighten BCEAO control over crypto-related transactions and licensing, but they do not amount to a total cutoff of the traditional financial system from cryptocurrencies across Burkina Faso and the other WAEMU countries.

*Note on specific reference:* While the exact public PDF link for BCEAO circulars can be difficult to locate without specific access, the existence and content of this directive are widely reported by financial news outlets and legal analyses concerning the WAEMU region.

**Reference Example (citing news coverage of the directive):**

URL (example of news citing the directive): https://www.agenceecofin.com/digital/2401-63044-afrique-de-l-ouest-la-bceao-s-oppose-fermement-aux-crypto-monnaies (While not the direct circular, it provides context and confirmation of the BCEAO's position).

There is no explicit law making it illegal for an individual in Burkina Faso to *own* or *trade* cryptocurrencies directly with another individual (peer-to-peer).

However, the practicalities are severely limited. Converting local currency (CFA Franc) into crypto, or crypto back into CFA Franc, through formal channels (banks, mobile money operators) is highly restricted due to the BCEAO's directives. Individuals often resort to informal channels or international platforms, facing significant friction.

**Crypto Exchanges (operating within Burkina Faso):**

It is virtually impossible for a crypto exchange to operate formally and legally within Burkina Faso, as they would be unable to open bank accounts, process payments, or connect with the traditional financial system.

Any exchanges present would likely operate informally, outside the regulatory framework, carrying high risks for users.

Individuals in Burkina Faso can technically access international crypto exchanges (e.g., Binance, Kraken, Coinbase).

However, funding these accounts with local fiat currency or withdrawing funds back into local bank accounts becomes extremely difficult or impossible due to the BCEAO's restrictions on financial institutions. Users often rely on peer-to-peer trades on these platforms, or third-party payment methods that circumvent traditional banking.

**Law N°024-2016/AN of 20 May 2016 on the fight against money laundering and financing of terrorism.** This law transposed the recommendations of the FATF and GIABA into national law. While it predates explicit FATF guidance on VASPs, its broad scope regarding "financial institutions" and "designated non-financial businesses and professions (DNFBPs)" is often interpreted to cover entities dealing with virtual assets if they perform similar functions to traditional financial services.

AML-related identification and verification of identity generally requires collecting and verifying key personal data (such as full name, date of birth, and address) and confirming it through reliable sources, which may include a single government‑issued photo ID or a mix of documentary and electronic methods; a rigid requirement for two physical forms of identification is not a universal or current standard.

For natural persons in the US: Full name, date of birth, place of birth, address, nationality, and official identification document number(s) from reliable, independent sources (such as state-issued driver's license, passport, or Social Security number). Verification must use reliable, independent source documents. Note: The US has no national ID card; verification relies on a decentralized system of state and federal documents. Validity period requirements vary by document type and regulatory context.

For legal entities: Name, legal form, address (registered office and current operational address if different), registered office, official registration number, constitutional documents (e.g., articles of incorporation, bylaws, memorandum and articles of association), and identification of individuals authorized to act on behalf of the entity.

**Beneficial Ownership Identification:** Identify and take reasonable measures to verify the identity of the beneficial owner(s) of the customer. This includes understanding the ownership and control structure of legal persons and arrangements.

**Purpose and Intended Nature of the Business Relationship:** Understand and, where appropriate, obtain information on the purpose and intended nature of the business relationship or occasional transaction.

**Ongoing Monitoring:** Conduct ongoing due diligence on the business relationship and scrutiny of transactions undertaken throughout the course of that relationship to ensure that the transactions are consistent with the VASP's knowledge of the customer, their business, and risk profile.

**Risk-Based Approach:** Apply enhanced due diligence (EDD) for high-risk customers or transactions (e.g., Politically Exposed Persons - PEPs, complex transactions, transactions from high-risk jurisdictions). Simplified due diligence (SDD) may be applied in low-risk scenarios, but not to the extent of foregoing identification entirely.

VASPs are obligated to report any transaction or activity that they suspect to be related to money laundering or terrorist financing, regardless of the amount.

The report must be made promptly to the Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU) of Burkina Faso.

The VASP and its employees are protected from liability for breach of any restriction on disclosure of information imposed by contract or by any legislative, regulatory, or administrative provision, if they report their suspicions in good faith.

"Tipping off" (informing the customer or a third party that an STR has been filed or that an investigation is underway) is strictly prohibited.

All necessary records of transactions, both domestic and international, to enable their reconstruction.

Records of the information obtained through CDD measures (copies of identification documents, account files, business correspondence).

Records pertaining to suspicious transaction reports filed.

**Centrale Nationale de Traitement des Informations Financières (CENTIF)**: This is Burkina Faso's Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU). CENTIF is the body to which all suspicious transaction reports are submitted, and it is responsible for analyzing these reports and disseminating intelligence to law enforcement agencies. CENTIF also plays a key role in ensuring compliance with AML/CFT obligations across various sectors.

CENTIF Burkina Faso maintains a dedicated, publicly accessible website at https://www.centif.bf, which provides official information on the Cellule Nationale de Traitement des Informations Financières. This means that, contrary to earlier statements, there is now a direct and stable public URL specifically for CENTIF, rather than users having to rely primarily on the Ministry of Economy and Finance or international bodies for information.

(General Burkina Faso Government Portal/Ministry of Finance: A direct CENTIF link is often embedded within government finance ministry sites or not standalone. The **GIABA website** is an excellent resource for information on member FIUs: https://www.giaba.org/)

**Regional Regulatory Landscape:** Burkina Faso is a member state of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU or UEMOA in French). The primary financial regulator for monetary policy and banking supervision in this region is the **Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO)**.

**BCEAO's Stance:** The BCEAO has consistently issued warnings to the public about the risks associated with cryptocurrencies, stating that they are not recognized as legal tender and are not regulated by the central bank or other financial authorities in the region. These are general advisories, not specific enforcement actions against particular entities within Burkina Faso.

**Focus:** The BCEAO's primary concern has been financial stability, money laundering, and consumer protection related to the *unregulated nature* of crypto assets. Their communications emphasize caution rather than actively pursuing enforcement against crypto service providers, likely due to a lack of a clear regulatory framework for such assets.

**Lack of Specific National Framework:** Burkina Faso, like many countries in the region, has not yet established a comprehensive national regulatory framework specifically for cryptocurrencies. Without clear laws defining crypto entities, licensing requirements, and prohibited activities, it's challenging for regulators to conduct formal enforcement actions with specific penalties.

**Nature of Reported Incidents:** Any incidents related to cryptocurrencies in Burkina Faso are more likely to be:

**Fraud or Ponzi Schemes:** Individuals losing money to scams involving promises of high returns from crypto investments. These would fall under criminal investigations (by the police and judicial system) rather than regulatory enforcement by a financial authority against a crypto *service provider*. Details of such cases (if public) rarely include information about a specific "regulator," "penalty amount," or an "entity targeted" in the regulatory sense.

**Regulator Name:** Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO)

Botwana’s enforcement target is the general public and unregistered virtual asset service providers (VASPs)

**Violation Type:** N/A (warnings, not enforcement) / Operating outside regulated financial system

Date: Ongoing, but prominent warnings in recent years (e.g., 2020, 2021, 2022).

**Outcome:** Increased public awareness of risks, but no direct enforcement on specific entities.

**Source URL (Example of a BCEAO warning, often referenced by local media):**

While not specific to Burkina Faso alone, the BCEAO's position applies to all WAEMU member states: https://www.bceao.int/fr/actualites/mise-en-garde-du-public-relativement-lutilisation-des-monnaies-virtuelles (This specific link refers to a 2020 warning, but the stance remains consistent).

Given the junta's crackdown on media and secret detention of journalists in Burkina Faso, local outlets like LeFaso.net and Sidwaya may not be able to freely publish BCEAO warnings without government censorship or reprisal.